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What is a Seed?

seed

A seed is a part of a plant that contains an embryo and food store. This embryo develops into a new plant when conditions are favourable.

Seeds are found in a variety of plants, including gymnosperms (naked seeds) and angiosperms. Unlike their naked-seeded cousins, angiosperms have seeds enclosed in sacs called ovaries.

Germination

Germination is the process by which a seed transforms itself into a new plant. This requires a number of factors, including the right temperature, water, oxygen or air and sometimes light or darkness.

A seed has a small amount of stored energy, allowing it to ‘wait’ for the perfect conditions to start growing. This energy helps the seeds stay alive and is used to carry out some basic metabolic processes like cellular respiration.

Many seeds require a period of ‘breaking’ dormancy before they can germinate, which may depend on changes in the seed coat or the state of the embryo itself. Some seeds need to be exposed to cold temperatures (about 5degC) or have their seed coats damaged sufficiently to allow water to enter.

The water uptake of the seed causes a rapid swelling and softening of its outer coating, which leads to rupture of the covering layers and emergence of the radicle and root. Hydrolytic enzymes activated during this ‘imbibition’ break down food reserves in the seed to release their energy for growth.

Endosperm

The endosperm of the seed is a nutritive tissue that surrounds the developing embryo and stores food materials for the growing seed. It is a triploid structure and contains carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that both plants and animals rely on for their health.

In most flowering plants, the endosperm develops from nuclei in the embryo sac. These nuclei are triploid, which means they contain a complete set of three chromosomes.

Development of the endosperm is characterized by three major phases: cell division and differentiation (cellularization), syncytial endosperm development, and maturation. In each of these stages, the endosperm reorganizes its chromatin, reprogramming its expression patterns and gene function.

In early endosperm development, a cytokinin signaling pathway is activated. The cytokinin receptor FIS-PRC2 and AGL62 are expressed exclusively in endosperm cells. These genes presumably control the transition between mitotic domains in early endosperm development.

Cotyledons

Cotyledons are an important part of the embryo within a seed. They are the first parts that appear from a germinating seed and are essential for germination of all flowering plants (angiosperms).

When seeds germinate, the cotyledon/s may remain below the soil surface (hypogeous germination) or emerge above it (epigeous germination), depending on the type of plant. For example, daylily seeds usually germinate with hypogeous germination, where the single cotyledon remains enclosed within the seed coat below ground.

In contrast, the emergence of cotyledons plays an important role in early seedling growth for small-seeded species, such as Hakea, that rely on nutrient sources from the soil much earlier than large-seeded ones. In fact, in nutrient-impoverished habitats where Hakea grows, it is the presence of cotyledons that ensures early survival and growth of seedlings even with partial damage to the cotyledons.

To investigate the direct and indirect effects of cotyledon removal on components of plant fitness, the impact of cotyledon removal was measured in six species of Hakea growing in south-western Australia with seed sizes ranging from 2-500 mg. A structural equation model linking cotyledon damage (number of cotyledons removed) to plant biomass, days to flowering, flower number and the fitness components of seed number and seed mass was developed.

Seed Coat

The seed coat is the protective layer of tissue covering the embryo and endosperm within the seed. It protects the seed from a variety of environmental stresses and promotes the development of the embryo and endosperm.

It also serves as a source of nutrients for the growing embryo and endosperm. The architecture and chemical composition of the seed coat work together to ensure that nutrient flow is coordinated between the embryo and endosperm, promoting optimal growth and development.

In addition to regulating the size of seeds, the seed coat is responsible for controlling germination. For example, some seeds cannot germinate if the seed coat is too hard and cannot break down to allow water to penetrate.

By Weed Smoker

Rastafarianism is an African religion and there is a great deal of people in the world that follow its teachings. In fact, there are even people that have embraced the lifestyle that is closely associated with Rastafarianism in the past such as musician and entertainer Bob Marley and Rastafarian clothing designer Larry Lloyd.

As the name implies, the Rastafarian lifestyle includes wearing clothes and accessories that are made out of beads, feathers, and other natural materials. The clothing in the Rastafarian tradition often includes animal skin, such as a horse's hide. The hair of the Rastafarian man is also usually long.

The lifestyle of Rastafarians is largely based on traditional ways of living in their native countries, as well as the African traditions and rituals that are passed down. Rastafarians have a great deal of respect for the animals that are part of their diet. Most people that follow this type of lifestyle believe that they have a direct link to the animals that they eat. In fact, in some cases, the animals may be eaten during the ceremony that follows the ceremony.

In addition to having a great deal of respect for the animals, Rastafarians also have a great deal of respect for their hobbies and pastimes. They often dress in clothes that are similar to that of the animals that they eat. Rastafarians also have a great deal of respect for the clothing that they wear and the clothing that is used to decorate their home. The color of the clothing and accessories that are worn by Rastafarians is often very similar to that of the animals that they eat.

Although Rastafarians follow a lifestyle that is based on a natural way of life, some of them do have to be in the workplace. For example, many Rastafarians work as musicians or entertainers. In order to do so, the musician may have to give up some of his or her time in order to become successful. In addition, some musicians choose to work for other musicians, such as Bob Marley and the Wailers. However, other musicians choose to work for themselves, like Bob Marley.

Although the Rastafarian lifestyle is different from that of other people, the Rastafarian lifestyle is also a life of peace and harmony. The Rastafarian people live a simple life where they eat animal meat, live in their own homes, and do not engage in much of the materialistic activities of society.